In comparison with glycolipids, the more specific proteins were mainly characterized as components of the adhesion apparatus of (Razin and Jacobs, 1992)

In comparison with glycolipids, the more specific proteins were mainly characterized as components of the adhesion apparatus of (Razin and Jacobs, 1992). a vaccine to protect risk populations from severe disease due to and Host Response In addition to the role of virulence factors of in patients with deficiencies of humoral immunity (Foy et al., 1973; Taylor-Robinson et al., 1980; Roifman et al., 1986), thus emphasizing the role of specific antibodies for protection. The antigens of cells determining the host response include glycolipids as well as proteins (Morrison-Plummer et al., 1986) that induce comparable immune reactions in affected individuals (Jacobs et al., 1986; Vu et al., 1987). In comparison with glycolipids, the more specific proteins were mainly characterized as components of the adhesion apparatus of (Razin and Jacobs, 1992). In particular, antibodies LY364947 to the P1 protein are regularly found in sera of infected patients. The large membrane protein (168 kDa) was characterized as the main adhesin of the bacteria and is also the most antigenic protein, inducing strong and early production of antibodies (Hu et al., 1983). Using different proteomic methods such as fractionation of whole proteins (Regula et al., 2001), construction of a whole-genome phage display library (Beghetto et al., 2009) or 2D separation of proteins followed by incubation with sera of infected patients (Nuyttens et al., 2010) resulted in the characterizations of further antigens which are membrane-associated and potentially interact with the host immune system. Besides proteins with a confirmed function in adherence, putative lipoproteins, glycolytic enzymes (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit B), chaperones (GroEL, DnaK) and proteins of translation/transcription (e.g., elongation factor Tu) were found. Some of these proteins are surface-localized and involved in interactions with components of the human extracellular matrix (Dallo et al., 2002; Grndel et al., 2015). In addition, CARDS toxin as an important virulence factor of was characterized as an immune-dominant protein (Kannan and Baseman, 2006). However, the role of antibodies to many of these proteins for the potential to protect the host from re-infections remains to be proved. With the development of specific tools for investigation of mycoplasmas (Halbedel and Stlke, 2007), such as targeted mutation of TGA triplets coding for tryptophan in (Inamine et al., 1990), the recombinant production and analysis of proteins of interest for hostCpathogen conversation have accelerated. Regarding naturally infected hosts, Table ?Table11 summarizes defined proteins that were found in recent years to elicit a specific and strong immune reaction in humans. These studies confirmed that the immune response is usually dominated by antibodies against the adhesins and adhesion-related proteins of the bacterium that have limited effect on viability (Krause and Baseman, 1983). It can be suggested that this antibody response results mainly in an influence around the gliding process (Seto et al., 2005) and a decrease of adhesion LY364947 of bacteria to the target cells of the respiratory mucosa. Studies using quantitative methods to measure the adherence of to human cells showed that specific antisera to total proteins, to adhesins or even to defined regions of adhesins are able to inhibit adhesion to more than 90% in comparison LY364947 with control sera (Svenstrup et al., 2002; Schurwanz et al., 2009). The importance of the adherence process for further colonization is usually underlined by the fact that mutants defective in expression of different Rabbit polyclonal to ZNF483 adhesins and adhesion-related proteins are avirulent (Balish and Krause, 2006). Table 1 Recombinant proteins tested as antigens for detection of specific antibodies in humans. infections are complicated by different host-dependent characteristics, such as variable persistence of antibodies, missing IgM response after re-infection and the infrequent production of IgA antibodies in children (Atkinson et al., 2008). IgM antibodies can be detected 7C10 days after contamination and IgG immunoglobulins are measurable approximately 14 days later (Atkinson et al., 2008; Atkinson and Waites, 2014). Genotype-Specific Immune Response and Influence around the Epidemiology of Infections Genome plasticity and different mechanisms for antigen variance are a common pattern of different mycoplasma species with pathogenic potential (Citti and Blanchard, 2013). In or strains in respiratory tract samples from patients show defined sequence.